Lg Nexus 4 Octopus Box 11
Download File === https://bltlly.com/2sYp1k
Small-scale octopus fisheries represent an underexplored source of nutrients and socioeconomic benefits for populations in the tropics. Here we analyse data from global seafood databases and published literature, finding that tropical small-scale octopus fisheries produced 88,000 t of catch and processed octopus in 2017, with a landed value of US$ 2.3 billion, contributing towards copper, iron and selenium intakes, with over twice the vitamin B12 content of finfish. Catch methods, primarily consisting of small-scale lines and small-scale pots and traps, produced minimal bycatch, and the fast growth and adaptability of octopus may facilitate environmentally sustainable production under climatic change. Management approaches including periodic fishery closures, size restrictions, licences and knowledge transfer of fishing gears can enable greater blue food supply and economic value to be generated while improving environmental sustainability.
In this Analysis, we aim to perform a comprehensive assessment of TSSOFs and the major current and future role they can play in global food security. The socioeconomic benefit of TSSOFs in both providing food on a local level and in generating national income is assessed. The micronutrient profile of octopus is quantified and compared against other major food items in nations with TSSOFs, allowing identification of the key nutritional gaps that octopus fill. The sustainability of TSSOFs is reviewed with a detailed breakdown of the gear types used and specific species targeted. To achieve this, data were collated from global seafood databases, and we also performed a literature review ( )9. This Analysis underlines the major role that global TSSOFs play in food security and identifies opportunities for sustainable development and management of TSSOFs that can lead to a step change in food production and generate new financial income.
TSSOFs play a particularly important role in Indonesia. In 2017, small-scale octopus catch was 17,900 t, food supply 4970 t, and food exports 13,200 t, making Indonesia the second largest producer and largest exporter worldwide (Fig. 1)2,10. Crucially, octopus sales and exports generate important income to local fishers. The mean income in December 2017 was 150,000 Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per fisher per day41, comparing favourably to the average net wage in 2017 of 96,000 IDR per day42.
Indonesian fishers are linked to processors and exporters through a network of highly integrated supply chains involving neighbourhood and village collectors, and intermediary traders at district and provincial levels. As an example of this supply chain, octopus caught by fishers in south, southeast, central and north Sulawesi, as well as regions such as north Maluku and east Kalimantan, finds its way to processors and exporters in Makassar. Across the nation, exporters capture up to 55% of total export value; traders capture around 15%, fishers around 30%40.
Octopus fisheries provide a unique opportunity for communities to re-engage with local management and quickly demonstrate the benefits of periodic fishery closures in a time frame that makes sense to small-scale fishers. Octopus grow quickly, almost doubling in weight each month44. Thus, closing a small area of octopus fishing grounds for a few months can lead to substantial growth of resident octopus and result in visible increases in catches when the closure site is reopened45.
Engagement of communities with the practice of periodically closing small areas of their fishing grounds has several knock-on benefits. The active participation of communities in the design of the closures results in the development of the social structures and governance processes that are needed for broader fisheries management. The simplicity of periodic octopus closures means that adoption in adjacent communities can be rapid. Implementing rules that prevent neighbouring communities from harvesting inside the closures in the first days of reopening, the most productive days, further motivate neighbouring communities to implement their own closures to achieve the same productivity benefits. So, while small periodic octopus fishing closures in a single community may be insufficient to effectively manage the stock, the easy replication of closures along a coastline and their ability to encourage communities to engage in wider management actions can lead to large-scale improvements in the octopus stock45.
There is a great and emerging need for nutrient-rich food in the tropics36. SSFs already do and can play an increasing role in meeting this need. They currently provide over two-thirds of the fish and seafood destined for human consumption worldwide, and employ over 90% of fishers involved in capture fisheries33. Octopus fisheries offer a sustainable option to expand small-scale fishing activities into the future with sustainable catch methods, adaptability to climate change and fast growth rates all providing benefits. Careful monitoring and implementation of effective management strategies such as periodic fishery closures can help small-scale tropical octopus fisheries provide a growing source of nutrient-rich food to the next generation.
We also calculated the landed value of octopus from each nation. This was done by first obtaining landed values of all octopus and cephalopods from SSFs from the Sea Around Us database, using the same filter categories as above2. We then used the FAO values for the percentage of cephalopods that were octopus to calculate the landed values of octopus from SSFs for each nation with TSSOFs10. Data for the most recent and complete dataset, the year 2017, were then plotted on maps and used to create Fig. 1 (Supplementary Data 5), using Magic Maps 2 software. Map videos are available in the Supplementary Information showing all the data between 1961 and 2017; see Supplementary Video 1 for catch, Supplementary Video 2 for supply and Supplementary Video 3 for exports. We did not produce a video for the landed value data, because there are large gaps in the Sea Around Us data on this in years prior to 2015 for major producers, including Mexico.
We note there is still a great need for improved data on octopus catch and classification type. In this report we used the Sea Around Us database for assessing gear types. The Sea Around Us database, like any data source, has its own unique approach. The Sea Around Us conducts reconstructions of catch data by analysing additional data available from fisheries, socioeconomic and population data sources. Crucially this includes a calculation that allows unreported catch values to be included in the data. Unreported catch can make up a large component of small-scale fishery catch, and it does mean that Sea Around Us values differ slightly from FAO values. Our methodology allows fair comparisons between countries, being consistent for all countries within the catch type analysis and within the production, supply, export and landed value analyses. The same trends are seen within both the FAO and Sea Around Us data (for example, with Mexico being the largest producer of octopus), while the exact magnitudes differ slightly due to different methodological approaches. 2b1af7f3a8